Making Stuff: Stronger Host David Pogue Written, Produced and Directed by Chris Schmidt Executive Producers for Powderhouse Productions Joel Olicker Tug Yourgrau. Vaal Orb Stack Size: 10 Corrupts an item, modifying it unpredictably Right click this item then left click an item to corrupt it. Corrupted items cannot be modified. ANTARCTICA EXPERIENCED THROUGH MUSIC. Capsule Comments on CDs about Antarctica © Valmar Kurol (January 2016) NOTE: This valuable resource is kindly provided by. ![]() Evolution - Wikipedia. Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biologicalpopulations over successive generations. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenicgraphite. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. In the early 2. 0th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate . The poet and philosopher. Lucretius followed Empedocles in his masterwork De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things). Variations of this idea became the standard understanding of the Middle Ages and were integrated into Christian learning, but Aristotle did not demand that real types of organisms always correspond one- for- one with exact metaphysical forms and specifically gave examples of how new types of living things could come to be. It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order. However, this new approach was slow to take root in the biological sciences, the last bastion of the concept of fixed natural types. John Ray applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types, . In 1. 75. 1, Pierre Louis Maupertuis wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over many generations to produce new species. In particular, Georges Cuvier insisted that species were unrelated and fixed, their similarities reflecting divine design for functional needs. In the meantime, Ray's ideas of benevolent design had been developed by William Paley into the Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity (1. Charles Darwin. Partly influenced by An Essay on the Principle of Population (1. Thomas Robert Malthus, Darwin noted that population growth would lead to a . In each generation, many offspring fail to survive to an age of reproduction because of limited resources. ![]()
This could explain the diversity of plants and animals from a common ancestry through the working of natural laws in the same way for all types of organism. Their separate papers were presented together at a 1. Linnean Society of London. Thomas Henry Huxley applied Darwin's ideas to humans, using paleontology and comparative anatomy to provide strong evidence that humans and apes shared a common ancestry. Some were disturbed by this since it implied that humans did not have a special place in the universe. Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis. Mendel's laws of inheritance eventually supplanted most of Darwin's pangenesis theory. Hugo de Vries connected Darwin's pangenesis theory to Weismann's germ/soma cell distinction and proposed that Darwin's pangenes were concentrated in the cell nucleus and when expressed they could move into the cytoplasm to change the cells structure. De Vries was also one of the researchers who made Mendel's work well- known, believing that Mendelian traits corresponded to the transfer of heritable variations along the germline. Haldane set the foundations of evolution onto a robust statistical philosophy. The false contradiction between Darwin's theory, genetic mutations, and Mendelian inheritance was thus reconciled. The modern synthesis explained patterns observed across species in populations, through fossil transitions in palaeontology, and complex cellular mechanisms in developmental biology. Advancements were also made in phylogeneticsystematics, mapping the transition of traits into a comparative and testable framework through the publication and use of evolutionary trees. This extension, known as evolutionary developmental biology and informally called . In humans, for example, eye colour is an inherited characteristic and an individual might inherit the . These traits come from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children. However, some people tan more easily than others, due to differences in genotypic variation; a striking example are people with the inherited trait of albinism, who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to sunburn. The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specify the genetic information, in a manner similar to a sequence of letters spelling out a sentence. Before a cell divides, the DNA is copied, so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA sequence. Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases. Within cells, the long strands of DNA form condensed structures called chromosomes. The specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome is known as a locus. If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles. DNA sequences can change through mutations, producing new alleles. If a mutation occurs within a gene, the new allele may affect the trait that the gene controls, altering the phenotype of the organism. These phenomena are classed as epigenetic inheritance systems. For example, ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment. This generates a legacy of effects that modify and feed back into the selection regime of subsequent generations. Descendants inherit genes plus environmental characteristics generated by the ecological actions of ancestors. A substantial part of the phenotypic variation in a population is caused by genotypic variation. The frequency of one particular allele will become more or less prevalent relative to other forms of that gene. Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation—when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely. Before the discovery of Mendelian genetics, one common hypothesis was blending inheritance. But with blending inheritance, genetic variance would be rapidly lost, making evolution by natural selection implausible. The Hardy–Weinberg principle provides the solution to how variation is maintained in a population with Mendelian inheritance. The frequencies of alleles (variations in a gene) will remain constant in the absence of selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift. Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species. When mutations occur, they may alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning, or have no effect. Based on studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster, it has been suggested that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 7. This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because it increases the redundancy of the system; one gene in the pair can acquire a new function while the other copy continues to perform its original function. In contrast, the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents' chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment. In a related process called homologous recombination, sexual organisms exchange DNA between two matching chromosomes. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two), (a) the sexual population remains the same size each generation, where the (b)Asexual reproduction population doubles in size each generation. The two- fold cost of sex was first described by John Maynard Smith. The Red Queen hypothesis has been used to explain the significance of sexual reproduction as a means to enable continual evolution and adaptation in response to coevolution with other species in an ever- changing environment. Gene flow can be caused by the movement of individuals between separate populations of organisms, as might be caused by the movement of mice between inland and coastal populations, or the movement of pollen between heavy metal tolerant and heavy metal sensitive populations of grasses. Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria. It is possible that eukaryotes themselves originated from horizontal gene transfers between bacteria and archaea. Mechanisms that can lead to changes in allele frequencies include natural selection, genetic drift, genetic hitchhiking, mutation and gene flow. Natural selection. Evolution by means of natural selection is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population. It has often been called a . Hot Skitty- on- Wailord Action - TV Tropes. The usual intermediary step between an Interspecies Romance and a Mix- and- Match Critter. This may involve somewhat conventional animal husbandry, or stranger things, but the important thing is that there are not always reasonable limits on what can be bred to what. The unintentional (or intentional) ability to produce this phenomenon is attributed to Gameplay and Story Segregation. This pretty much misses the point of the term . So, how can they make babies? Anglerfish males are basically parasitic appendages to females, for example. This just might be one of these cases. See Also Interspecies Romance and Hybrid Monster. See G- Rated Sex for when this is seen as Unfortunate Implications and therefore defied with a means of reproduction that avoids mating like normal animals. The Inu no Taishou does have a human form, but his true form is the size of a mountain. He scrutinizes her for a moment before muttering that . Sango is disturbed but likely not surprised. She basically looks like an adorable teenage human girl with horns and a tail, she's super strong, and her name is Mink for some reason. When you're tired of looking at her humany cuteness, drop a heavy weight on her and go . Vina was born as a slimemold, she had to learn magic to change into something humanoid. While Fishman are generally taller than humans, Giants are dozens of feet tall, which brings up a interesting question of how that works. Otohime then somehow gave birth to Princess Shirahoshi, who even as a baby looked about 1. Even if we concede that mermaids lay eggs like fish do, there's no way she could have laid something as large as Shirahoshi, not to mention that a pregnant mermaid is depicted in the background of one episode. And their genetics keep past generations in memory for much longer than humans; a pufferfish fishman and a wolffish merman have been shown to be brothers. The problem is that Sela is a moderately- sized (albeit thin) human woman and Navi is a friendly, twenty- foot tall giant. Considering Sela goes on and on about getting the . Nyarko- san, this one of many reasons for Mahiro's resistance to Nyarko's advances; she's an alien whose race helped inspire the Cthulhu Mythos, and while she may look like a cute girl, that's just the most pleasant of her 1,0. Nyarko, for her part, seems convinced that they can reproduce and wants to have . He's an armor- wearing rhino man in his transformed state, and she's a young woman whose hair ends in three snakes. While romances do sometimes occur between different Pokemon, they are almost always either similar in appearance (Meowth, for instance, has had crushes on a couple of other cat- like Pokemon) or at least the same type. There have, however, been a couple of Pokemon that seemed to have something approaching romantic feelings for their human trainers, including Ash's Chikorita. And the move Attract works on any Pokemon of the opposite gender. Gamagori, according to the official height chart, is almost twice her size, but some of the stylized shots make him look almost 3 or 4 times larger than her. However while Mine was pregnant before Tatsumi became a dragon, the wording makes it a bit unclear if the author implied that pregnancy had twins/triplets/something like that, or if she and Tatsumi had more kids afterwards. As a last resort, they shoot him with an aphrodisiac- filled dart, which the ape pulls out and throws away when it does nothing for him. Unfortunately, it strikes a hippo. He was all over the place. As a matter of fact, they have some of the weirdest- looking animals out in that zoo now.. Then he brought home Shecky, a miniature dachshund too small to get fixed. Mulder was all over Shecky the fist time she went into heat. The result was: One yard of barbed wire! But I managed to cross a pig with a letterbox. The result: A piggybank! Apparently all the dominant aardvark traits manifest in the toes. Of course, given how often his powers change, this probably won't be what stops Superman and Lois from having children. Did we mention they were really stupid?). The result are freakish half- human half- chicken hybrids, with the details of their conception and gestation being blessedly skipped over by the story. She tried to explain how this happened, but we don't know because her son covered his ears. Apparently it was quite simple. Shaky science, but fair enough so far. In a flashback (set well after he was turned from an ordinary human into a spaceman), his wife is shown to be pregnant. Think about that for a moment. She may have survived the pregnancy.. Les chroniques de la lune noire (blackmoon's chronicles) is a French comic with moderate international success. What interests us here is Ghorghor Bey, who is several meters tall and half- human, half- ogre. One could only wonder how his parents had sex, until Ghorghor got his own spinoff where it was revealed that his mother was raped by a young ogre during a pillage. The only point of this gift was allowing him to have normal sex. This never actually happened, but seeing as Set is a titanic snake- god with seven heads the gods only know how it would have been done. While Set's offspring and grandchildren tended to be abominations like himself (members of the family line include Echidna, Typhoon, and Cetus, according to most sources) Yith seems mostly human, resembling a human woman with a long, snake- like tail instead of legs and reptilian eyes. Exactly where her family lost most of the . When he returns, it's hinted that he had sex with them. How, exactly, we're never told. Hell, it's also stated that Pete Wisdom used to date one of them! It was noted that the . There have been a fair number of . The animals are simply one single Funny Animal species that happens to have interbreedable sub- species/races appearing to be more apparent than humans' different skin colors. For the standard of Sonic and Sally's generation, almost every possible pairing outside Knuckle and Julie- Su are of the different animals (hyena/rabbit, skunk/cat, hedgehog/fox, hedgehog/mongoose, fox/mongoose) yet they are not very different in terms of physical appearances and social functions. If Changelings are anything like Amorphs that could result in a relatively simple birth on either partner for so many reasons. The abducted humans usually didn't survive much past the experience. Keep in mind Gamzee is tiny for even a pre- final- pupation purpleblood, but noticeably bigger than most young trolls. GH also regularly has consensual sex with Condesce, who isn't much bigger than Gamzee; at least they had thousands of years to practice. Loose Canon taking place after the series is over has other characters lampshade it with some level of Squick involved. Spike implies Rarity's ascension to Alicorn status has something to do with it. A flashback to the time when Luna became Nightmare Moon also shows a half- Dragon/half- pony hybrid, showing the two species can actually mate and produce offspring. In the same Loose Canon as above, it's shown that Rarity actually ends up pregnant with Spike's child. The Legend of Korra: In keeping with the fandom's propensity for shipping anything that moves, there is a small amount of fan- produced media slashing Naga and Pabu, or human versions thereof. According to the action figures, they're called . They're pretty strange- looking, too. Amusingly enough, the gag started life when the first movie came out, as a short comic in a Mad Magazine. The animators probably thought ! Her mother was a fairy. Thankfully this was not shown. Laliari is a Thermian, a species of Starfish Aliens who look like an octopus eating a squid. She uses a hologram to . Needless to say, a major cause of Squick. The film never explains exactly how this works, but in the comics Hellboy is the magically conceived offspring of a rather large demon and a human witch, which may help explain it. Apparently, The Prawns are hermaphroditic, and have organs for both options. However, they can't produce young, as can be seen by the malformed and stillborn attempts at fusing Prawn and human DNA. How a relationship between a couple of such a size difference would work is never addressed and left to Rule of Funny. Because the human empire is at war, many jobs have been filled by various creatures (trolls, dwarfs, elves, etc), all of which seem to be able to breed with each other and humans, sometimes in such variety that it's impossible to tell exactly what a creature is unless you know their great- grandparents. This is due to the abundance of unmarked, naturally occurring Love Springs, which (generally) cause unsuspecting people and animals who drink the water to immediately and involuntarily mate. It also magically ensures offspring. The result is either Mix- and- Match Critters like a centaur or a werebeasts of some sort. All of the chimeric creatures in Xanth, such as mermaids, are literally the result of interspecies breeding. As this is a rather abrupt and off- putting experience, so those cross- species couples actually interested in enjoying the experience generally use 'Accommodation Spells'. Perhaps the best example of this is the case of Becka from Dastard. Her mother was a young maiden who fled into water while being pursued by a dragon. As it turns out, the water was a Love Spring and the dragon was a male.. Becka is an example of the were- creature phenomenon, being able to swap between cute girl and hand- chomping dragon forms. In the fourth book, he asks Madame Olympe, another half- giant, which one of her parents was the giant — so apparently, some females managed. In this case, more than justified by A Wizard Did It (albeit a failed one). Nevertheless, they can breed with humans; Fleur Delacour's maternal grandmother was a Veela, and Fleur inherited a portion of her grace and beauty. Martin apparently had the same mechanics- related thoughts. In the far north of Westeros, humans are occasionally abducted by giants.
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